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β estradiol  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)


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    Structured Review

    Santa Cruz Biotechnology β estradiol
    β Estradiol, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 23 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/%CE%B2+estradiol/%CE%B2-Estradiol/pmc12902740-66-14-15
    Average 93 stars, based on 23 article reviews
    β estradiol - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    93/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    In Vitro:

    Article Title: Cycloastragenol activation of telomerase improves β-Klotho protein level and attenuates age-related malfunctioning in ovarian tissues.
    Article Snippet: Briefly, fetal mouse gonads obtained at day 12.5 post-coitum were separated from the mesonephros and cultured in Transwell-COL membranes (Sigma cat. # CLS3491) for 23 days. .. The basal medium was alpha-minimal essential medium (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 1.5 mM 2-O-α-D glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan), 10 U/mL penicillin, and 10 μg/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich), FBS (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific), serum protein substitute (SAGE In-Vitro Fertilization), and β-estradiol (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, Texas, USA). .. The samples were treated with the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780 (cat. # 1047, Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, United Kingdom) at a concentration of 10 μM from day 5 to day 11.

    Injection:

    Article Title: Myrrh ameliorates endometriosis by enhancing ER stress‑related apoptotic cell death
    Article Snippet: .. Two weeks post‐ovariectomy (day ‐7), the mice received a subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg β‐estradiol (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) to provide hormonal support. .. On day 0, uteri were harvested from syngeneic donor mice, minced using Gentle Max (Miltenyi Biotec), and intraperitoneally inoculated into recipient mice at a 1:1 ratio.

    Article Title: Frankincense ameliorates endometriosis via inducing apoptosis and reducing adhesion
    Article Snippet: .. Mice were subcutaneously injected every week with 100 mg/kg of β-estradiol (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Dallas, TX) fourteen days after ovariectomy. .. The uteri of donor mice were extracted and chopped using Gentle Max (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) before being inoculated intraperitoneally into recipient mice at a 1:1 ratio.

    Article Title: Myrrh ameliorates endometriosis by enhancing ER stress-related apoptotic cell death
    Article Snippet: .. Two weeks post-ovariectomy (day -7), the mice received a subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg β-estradiol (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) to provide hormonal support. .. On day 0, uteri were harvested from syngeneic donor mice, minced using Gentle Max (Miltenyi Biotec), and intraperitoneally inoculated into recipient mice at a 1:1 ratio.

    Article Title: Water-Extracted Prunella vulgaris Alleviates Endometriosis by Reducing Aerobic Glycolysis
    Article Snippet: .. After 14 days, mice were subcutaneously injected with 100 mg/kg β-estradiol (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Dallas, TX, United States) suspended in corn oil every week. .. The uteri of donor mice were isolated and chopped using Gentle Max (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and intraperitoneally inoculated into recipient mice at a 1:1 ratio.

    Mouse Assay:

    Article Title: Frankincense ameliorates endometriosis via inducing apoptosis and reducing adhesion
    Article Snippet: .. Mice were subcutaneously injected every week with 100 mg/kg of β-estradiol (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Dallas, TX) fourteen days after ovariectomy. .. The uteri of donor mice were extracted and chopped using Gentle Max (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) before being inoculated intraperitoneally into recipient mice at a 1:1 ratio.



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    (A) Diagram of transformation and selection for obtaining homozygote T 2 transgenic lines containing the XVE:ROS1-YFP vector (XR1) and wild-type Nipponbare null segregant (NB*) from parental transformant line (T 0 ) (B) Validation of <t>β-estradiol-dependent</t> AtROS1 transcriptional expression in leaves of transgenic XR1 seedlings through RT-PCR, while germinated in liquid media containing 150μM β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) for 6 days (6d), and subsequent transcriptional deactivation after additional 11 days of growth in absence of β-estradiol (2.5w). (C) Validation of β-estradiol-dependent AtROS1 protein expression in transgenic XR1+ seedlings through tagged YFP Venus fluorescence imaging. Roots were imaged after 6d of germination in liquid media containing β-estradiol (+) or mock (-), and protein expression disappeared after additional 11 days of growth in absence of β-estradiol (2.5w; scale bar: 100µm) (D) Left panel: seed yields per plant for NB* and XR1 plants treated with β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) at 6d and grown until seed set. Differences in average seed number produced per plant between XR1 lines and NB* control were assessed statistically by two-tailed Student’s t-test ( n = six plants). Right panel: individual seed weight (in mg) across β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) treated NB* and XR1 rice plants. Center line indicates median, with lower and upper quartiles below and above; small crosses indicate mean; red line indicates grand mean seed weight across the six plants. Differences in seed weights between NB*-, XR1- and XR1+ plants were assessed with a linear mixed model, with replicates as a random grouping factor using SPSS ( p = 0.713). Post-hoc comparison were performed using Bonferroni-corrected estimated marginal means between NB*-, XR1- and XR1+ plants (small letters, n. s ). (E) Diagram of experimental setup for induction and analysis of within-generation and transgenerational methylome alterations and pathogen resistance phenotyping. Green dots indicate separate batches (i.e. seedlings/plants) used in each experiment.
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    (A) Diagram of transformation and selection for obtaining homozygote T 2 transgenic lines containing the XVE:ROS1-YFP vector (XR1) and wild-type Nipponbare null segregant (NB*) from parental transformant line (T 0 ) (B) Validation of <t>β-estradiol-dependent</t> AtROS1 transcriptional expression in leaves of transgenic XR1 seedlings through RT-PCR, while germinated in liquid media containing 150μM β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) for 6 days (6d), and subsequent transcriptional deactivation after additional 11 days of growth in absence of β-estradiol (2.5w). (C) Validation of β-estradiol-dependent AtROS1 protein expression in transgenic XR1+ seedlings through tagged YFP Venus fluorescence imaging. Roots were imaged after 6d of germination in liquid media containing β-estradiol (+) or mock (-), and protein expression disappeared after additional 11 days of growth in absence of β-estradiol (2.5w; scale bar: 100µm) (D) Left panel: seed yields per plant for NB* and XR1 plants treated with β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) at 6d and grown until seed set. Differences in average seed number produced per plant between XR1 lines and NB* control were assessed statistically by two-tailed Student’s t-test ( n = six plants). Right panel: individual seed weight (in mg) across β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) treated NB* and XR1 rice plants. Center line indicates median, with lower and upper quartiles below and above; small crosses indicate mean; red line indicates grand mean seed weight across the six plants. Differences in seed weights between NB*-, XR1- and XR1+ plants were assessed with a linear mixed model, with replicates as a random grouping factor using SPSS ( p = 0.713). Post-hoc comparison were performed using Bonferroni-corrected estimated marginal means between NB*-, XR1- and XR1+ plants (small letters, n. s ). (E) Diagram of experimental setup for induction and analysis of within-generation and transgenerational methylome alterations and pathogen resistance phenotyping. Green dots indicate separate batches (i.e. seedlings/plants) used in each experiment.
    Bp175510 Beta Estradiol Fisher Scientific Cat, supplied by Fisher Scientific, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Image Search Results


    (A) Diagram of transformation and selection for obtaining homozygote T 2 transgenic lines containing the XVE:ROS1-YFP vector (XR1) and wild-type Nipponbare null segregant (NB*) from parental transformant line (T 0 ) (B) Validation of β-estradiol-dependent AtROS1 transcriptional expression in leaves of transgenic XR1 seedlings through RT-PCR, while germinated in liquid media containing 150μM β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) for 6 days (6d), and subsequent transcriptional deactivation after additional 11 days of growth in absence of β-estradiol (2.5w). (C) Validation of β-estradiol-dependent AtROS1 protein expression in transgenic XR1+ seedlings through tagged YFP Venus fluorescence imaging. Roots were imaged after 6d of germination in liquid media containing β-estradiol (+) or mock (-), and protein expression disappeared after additional 11 days of growth in absence of β-estradiol (2.5w; scale bar: 100µm) (D) Left panel: seed yields per plant for NB* and XR1 plants treated with β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) at 6d and grown until seed set. Differences in average seed number produced per plant between XR1 lines and NB* control were assessed statistically by two-tailed Student’s t-test ( n = six plants). Right panel: individual seed weight (in mg) across β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) treated NB* and XR1 rice plants. Center line indicates median, with lower and upper quartiles below and above; small crosses indicate mean; red line indicates grand mean seed weight across the six plants. Differences in seed weights between NB*-, XR1- and XR1+ plants were assessed with a linear mixed model, with replicates as a random grouping factor using SPSS ( p = 0.713). Post-hoc comparison were performed using Bonferroni-corrected estimated marginal means between NB*-, XR1- and XR1+ plants (small letters, n. s ). (E) Diagram of experimental setup for induction and analysis of within-generation and transgenerational methylome alterations and pathogen resistance phenotyping. Green dots indicate separate batches (i.e. seedlings/plants) used in each experiment.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Molding the Rice Methylome for Disease Resistance

    doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722557

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Diagram of transformation and selection for obtaining homozygote T 2 transgenic lines containing the XVE:ROS1-YFP vector (XR1) and wild-type Nipponbare null segregant (NB*) from parental transformant line (T 0 ) (B) Validation of β-estradiol-dependent AtROS1 transcriptional expression in leaves of transgenic XR1 seedlings through RT-PCR, while germinated in liquid media containing 150μM β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) for 6 days (6d), and subsequent transcriptional deactivation after additional 11 days of growth in absence of β-estradiol (2.5w). (C) Validation of β-estradiol-dependent AtROS1 protein expression in transgenic XR1+ seedlings through tagged YFP Venus fluorescence imaging. Roots were imaged after 6d of germination in liquid media containing β-estradiol (+) or mock (-), and protein expression disappeared after additional 11 days of growth in absence of β-estradiol (2.5w; scale bar: 100µm) (D) Left panel: seed yields per plant for NB* and XR1 plants treated with β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) at 6d and grown until seed set. Differences in average seed number produced per plant between XR1 lines and NB* control were assessed statistically by two-tailed Student’s t-test ( n = six plants). Right panel: individual seed weight (in mg) across β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) treated NB* and XR1 rice plants. Center line indicates median, with lower and upper quartiles below and above; small crosses indicate mean; red line indicates grand mean seed weight across the six plants. Differences in seed weights between NB*-, XR1- and XR1+ plants were assessed with a linear mixed model, with replicates as a random grouping factor using SPSS ( p = 0.713). Post-hoc comparison were performed using Bonferroni-corrected estimated marginal means between NB*-, XR1- and XR1+ plants (small letters, n. s ). (E) Diagram of experimental setup for induction and analysis of within-generation and transgenerational methylome alterations and pathogen resistance phenotyping. Green dots indicate separate batches (i.e. seedlings/plants) used in each experiment.

    Article Snippet: Powdered β-estradiol (TCI chemicals) was dissolved to 100mM stock concentration using DMSO (Fujifilm Wako chemicals).

    Techniques: Transformation Assay, Selection, Transgenic Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Biomarker Discovery, Expressing, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Fluorescence, Imaging, Produced, Control, Two Tailed Test, Comparison

    (A) Metaplots displaying average DNA methylation (all C contexts) in six-days old (6d) wild-type segregant NB* or transgenic XR1 rice seedlings germinated in liquid media containing 150μM β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) across all loci of Nipponbare telomere-to-telomere assembly (NIP-T2T), protein coding genes (PC) or transposable elements (TEs)/repeat elements (AGIS1.0 annotation). (B) Distribution of differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) density at representative chromosomes 7 and 8 identified in β-estradiol-treated XR1 seedlings (+) vs mock-treated ones (-), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Above, yellow and grey density plots show distribution frequencies of PC or TEs loci, respectively. (C) Number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in 6d XR1+ vs XR1-seedlings, separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue) (D) Venn diagrams: overlap (∩) between unique hypo- or hypermethylated DMRs in six-days old XR1+ vs XR1-seedlings with PC or TE loci (AGIS1.0 annotation); Table: number of unique genetic loci covered by one or more DMRs (percentage in parenthesis represents the proportion over the total number of respective loci in the annotation). (E) Browser view examples (IGV) of DMRs overlapping intergenic regions (left panels), PC gene (RAP ID Os09g0118666, middle panel) or both PC and TE (Locus ID LOC_Os02g17600, right panel). Blue bars: methylation % at cytosines in CG context, red bars: methylation % at cytosines in CHG contexts, green bars: methylation % at cytosines in CHH contexts. Positive and negative values represent methylation % of cytosines on the positive or negative strand, respectively.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Molding the Rice Methylome for Disease Resistance

    doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722557

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Metaplots displaying average DNA methylation (all C contexts) in six-days old (6d) wild-type segregant NB* or transgenic XR1 rice seedlings germinated in liquid media containing 150μM β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) across all loci of Nipponbare telomere-to-telomere assembly (NIP-T2T), protein coding genes (PC) or transposable elements (TEs)/repeat elements (AGIS1.0 annotation). (B) Distribution of differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) density at representative chromosomes 7 and 8 identified in β-estradiol-treated XR1 seedlings (+) vs mock-treated ones (-), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Above, yellow and grey density plots show distribution frequencies of PC or TEs loci, respectively. (C) Number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in 6d XR1+ vs XR1-seedlings, separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue) (D) Venn diagrams: overlap (∩) between unique hypo- or hypermethylated DMRs in six-days old XR1+ vs XR1-seedlings with PC or TE loci (AGIS1.0 annotation); Table: number of unique genetic loci covered by one or more DMRs (percentage in parenthesis represents the proportion over the total number of respective loci in the annotation). (E) Browser view examples (IGV) of DMRs overlapping intergenic regions (left panels), PC gene (RAP ID Os09g0118666, middle panel) or both PC and TE (Locus ID LOC_Os02g17600, right panel). Blue bars: methylation % at cytosines in CG context, red bars: methylation % at cytosines in CHG contexts, green bars: methylation % at cytosines in CHH contexts. Positive and negative values represent methylation % of cytosines on the positive or negative strand, respectively.

    Article Snippet: Powdered β-estradiol (TCI chemicals) was dissolved to 100mM stock concentration using DMSO (Fujifilm Wako chemicals).

    Techniques: DNA Methylation Assay, Transgenic Assay, Methylation

    Metaplots displaying average DNA methylation separated by CG, CHG or CHH contexts in six-days old (6d) wild-type segregant NB* or transgenic XR1 rice seedlings germinated in liquid media containing 150μM β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) across all loci of Nipponbare telomere-to-telomere assembly (NIP-T2T), protein coding genes (PC) or transposable elements (TEs)/repeat elements (AGIS1.0 annotation).

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Molding the Rice Methylome for Disease Resistance

    doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722557

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Metaplots displaying average DNA methylation separated by CG, CHG or CHH contexts in six-days old (6d) wild-type segregant NB* or transgenic XR1 rice seedlings germinated in liquid media containing 150μM β-estradiol (+) or mock (-) across all loci of Nipponbare telomere-to-telomere assembly (NIP-T2T), protein coding genes (PC) or transposable elements (TEs)/repeat elements (AGIS1.0 annotation).

    Article Snippet: Powdered β-estradiol (TCI chemicals) was dissolved to 100mM stock concentration using DMSO (Fujifilm Wako chemicals).

    Techniques: DNA Methylation Assay, Transgenic Assay

    Distribution of differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) density at all Nipponbare chromosomes identified in β-estradiol-treated XR1 seedlings (+) vs mock-treated ones (-), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Above, yellow and grey density plots show distribution frequencies of PC or TEs loci, respectively.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Molding the Rice Methylome for Disease Resistance

    doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722557

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) density at all Nipponbare chromosomes identified in β-estradiol-treated XR1 seedlings (+) vs mock-treated ones (-), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Above, yellow and grey density plots show distribution frequencies of PC or TEs loci, respectively.

    Article Snippet: Powdered β-estradiol (TCI chemicals) was dissolved to 100mM stock concentration using DMSO (Fujifilm Wako chemicals).

    Techniques: Methylation

    (A) Distribution of methylated cytosines (DMCs) density at representative chromosomes 7 and 8 identified between 2.5 weeks-old (2.5w) XR1 plants treated with 150μM β-estradiol (+) at six days-old (6d) vs mock-treated ones (-), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Lighter red and blue colors represent DMCs distribution in 6d seedlings (from ) for comparison. Above, yellow and grey density plots show distribution frequencies of PC or TE loci, respectively. (B) Number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) identified in 2.5w XR1+ plants vs XR1-ones, separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). (C) Basal resistance phenotype of 2.5w NB* and XR1 plants against X. oryzae infection. Displayed are lesion lengths (in mm) in rice leaves caused by the pathogen eight days post-inoculation (dpi) though the leaf clipping method. Center line indicates median, with lower and upper quartiles below and above; small crosses indicate mean. Statistically significant differences in lesion length between XR1 lines and NB* control were assessed by two-tailed Student’s t-test ( n =30+ leaves from 15+ plants, *** p- value <0.001). (D) Overlap between DMRs identified in 6d and 2.5w XR1+ plants with 163 genes causally linked with X. oryzae basal resistance genes reported in ( Tonnessen et al ., 2019 ).

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Molding the Rice Methylome for Disease Resistance

    doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722557

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Distribution of methylated cytosines (DMCs) density at representative chromosomes 7 and 8 identified between 2.5 weeks-old (2.5w) XR1 plants treated with 150μM β-estradiol (+) at six days-old (6d) vs mock-treated ones (-), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Lighter red and blue colors represent DMCs distribution in 6d seedlings (from ) for comparison. Above, yellow and grey density plots show distribution frequencies of PC or TE loci, respectively. (B) Number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) identified in 2.5w XR1+ plants vs XR1-ones, separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). (C) Basal resistance phenotype of 2.5w NB* and XR1 plants against X. oryzae infection. Displayed are lesion lengths (in mm) in rice leaves caused by the pathogen eight days post-inoculation (dpi) though the leaf clipping method. Center line indicates median, with lower and upper quartiles below and above; small crosses indicate mean. Statistically significant differences in lesion length between XR1 lines and NB* control were assessed by two-tailed Student’s t-test ( n =30+ leaves from 15+ plants, *** p- value <0.001). (D) Overlap between DMRs identified in 6d and 2.5w XR1+ plants with 163 genes causally linked with X. oryzae basal resistance genes reported in ( Tonnessen et al ., 2019 ).

    Article Snippet: Powdered β-estradiol (TCI chemicals) was dissolved to 100mM stock concentration using DMSO (Fujifilm Wako chemicals).

    Techniques: Methylation, Comparison, Infection, Control, Two Tailed Test

    Distribution of methylated cytosines (DMCs) density at all Nipponbare chromosomes identified between 2.5 weeks-old (2.5w) XR1 plants treated with 150μM β-estradiol (+) at six days-old (6d) vs mock-treated ones (-), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Lighter red and blue colors represent DMCs distribution in 6d seedlings (from ) for comparison. Above, yellow and grey density plots show distribution frequencies of PC or TE loci, respectively.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Molding the Rice Methylome for Disease Resistance

    doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722557

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of methylated cytosines (DMCs) density at all Nipponbare chromosomes identified between 2.5 weeks-old (2.5w) XR1 plants treated with 150μM β-estradiol (+) at six days-old (6d) vs mock-treated ones (-), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Lighter red and blue colors represent DMCs distribution in 6d seedlings (from ) for comparison. Above, yellow and grey density plots show distribution frequencies of PC or TE loci, respectively.

    Article Snippet: Powdered β-estradiol (TCI chemicals) was dissolved to 100mM stock concentration using DMSO (Fujifilm Wako chemicals).

    Techniques: Methylation, Comparison

    (A) Number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) identified in 2.5 weeks-old (2.5w) progeny XR1 plants (F 1 ) derived from parental lines treated with β-estradiol at their seedling stage (P 0 +, XR1-1 to XR1-6) vs parental lines treated with mock (P 0 -), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Gray boxes indicate the number of hypo- or hypermethylated DMRs overlapping between P 0 and F 1 (transgenerational DMRs). For all lines, the number of transgenerational DMRs have been found to be significantly higher than expected than occurring by chance after random shuffling of the genomic regions (10000 permutations, *** p- value <0.001). (B) Basal resistance phenotype of F 1 2.5w NB* and XR1 plants against X. oryzae infection. Displayed are lesion lengths (in mm) in rice leaves caused by the pathogen eight days post-inoculation (dpi) though the leaf clipping method. Center line indicates median, with lower and upper quartiles below and above; small crosses indicate mean. Statistically significant differences in lesion length between XR1 lines and NB* control were assessed in pairwise comparisons by two-tailed Student’s t-test ( n =40+ leaves from 20+ plants, ** p- value <0.01, *** p- value <0.001). (C) Ontology terms enrichment (biological processes) for genes overlapped by transgenerational hypo- and hypermethylated DMRs unique to X. oryzae -resistant lines XR1-1, XR1-4, XR1-4 and XR1-6. (D) Browser view example (IGV) of transgenerational DMRs maintained as DNA hypomethylated epiallele in line XR1-3 and XR1-6 across one generation, located in the promoter of USP37 (RAP ID Os10g0463300, yellow bar below represents the first exon). Blue bars: methylation % at cytosines in CG context, red bars: methylation % at cytosines in CHG contexts, green bars: methylation % at cytosines in CHH contexts. Positive and negative values represent methylation % of cytosines on the positive or negative strand, respectively.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Molding the Rice Methylome for Disease Resistance

    doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722557

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) identified in 2.5 weeks-old (2.5w) progeny XR1 plants (F 1 ) derived from parental lines treated with β-estradiol at their seedling stage (P 0 +, XR1-1 to XR1-6) vs parental lines treated with mock (P 0 -), separated by hypermethylated (red) or hypomethylated (blue). Gray boxes indicate the number of hypo- or hypermethylated DMRs overlapping between P 0 and F 1 (transgenerational DMRs). For all lines, the number of transgenerational DMRs have been found to be significantly higher than expected than occurring by chance after random shuffling of the genomic regions (10000 permutations, *** p- value <0.001). (B) Basal resistance phenotype of F 1 2.5w NB* and XR1 plants against X. oryzae infection. Displayed are lesion lengths (in mm) in rice leaves caused by the pathogen eight days post-inoculation (dpi) though the leaf clipping method. Center line indicates median, with lower and upper quartiles below and above; small crosses indicate mean. Statistically significant differences in lesion length between XR1 lines and NB* control were assessed in pairwise comparisons by two-tailed Student’s t-test ( n =40+ leaves from 20+ plants, ** p- value <0.01, *** p- value <0.001). (C) Ontology terms enrichment (biological processes) for genes overlapped by transgenerational hypo- and hypermethylated DMRs unique to X. oryzae -resistant lines XR1-1, XR1-4, XR1-4 and XR1-6. (D) Browser view example (IGV) of transgenerational DMRs maintained as DNA hypomethylated epiallele in line XR1-3 and XR1-6 across one generation, located in the promoter of USP37 (RAP ID Os10g0463300, yellow bar below represents the first exon). Blue bars: methylation % at cytosines in CG context, red bars: methylation % at cytosines in CHG contexts, green bars: methylation % at cytosines in CHH contexts. Positive and negative values represent methylation % of cytosines on the positive or negative strand, respectively.

    Article Snippet: Powdered β-estradiol (TCI chemicals) was dissolved to 100mM stock concentration using DMSO (Fujifilm Wako chemicals).

    Techniques: Methylation, Derivative Assay, Infection, Control, Two Tailed Test